ลักษณะสังคมแบบดั้งเดิมในแอฟริกามีลักษณะอย่างไร

��鹷��ͧ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ��ǹ�˭��繷��Һ�٧�ࢵ��Һ��ǹ�˭��繷��Һ ��½�觷�� ᤺ � ��ҡ ��ࢵ�غ�ҷ�ش ��ҧ��ȵ��ѹ�͡�ͧ��ջ ��ࢵ��͡�� ͡��͵�� ǳ��ȵ��ѹ��§�˹�� ҹ��

� � (3) �ѡɳ��ҡ�Ȣͧ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ� � �

��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ��繷�ջ��ͷ��ҧ�˭� ��ҡ��ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ�ҡ ��
�� 㹷��ŷ��·ҧ�͹�˹�͠��зҧ��ѹ�͡ ��ͧ�ҡ��ٹ��ٵü�ҹ 㨡�ҧ��ջ ��Ѵ��ҹ ��Է�ԾŢͧ��ʹ��طà� ��͹�� ǳ��ҹ��ѹ��ͺ��ǡԹ�

� �

(4) ��Ҿ�ҧ�ѧ��Ѳ��

� �

��Ъҡâͧ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ� ��ͪҵ� �� 2 �� ͪҵԹԡ��´�� फ�´� ��ǹ�˭�Ѻ��ʹ�� ѡ � �� Ѻ ��ҫٴҹ ��Һѹ�� ҹ��û�Сͺ�Ҫվ� ��Ҫվ��ɵá�� ͧ��蠠�� ص��ˡ��

�ѡɳзҧ�ѧ��Ѳ��
�ҧ�͹�˹�ͧ͢��ջ�Ϳ�ԡҺ��ǳ��Ի��Ѩ�غѹ��¸�� ӷ��ش��˹�觢ͧ�š �� 6,000 �� ¸��

��¸��
��觷��ʴ��֧��¸��ͧ��Ի��ҳ �� êŻ�зҹ ��ö�ӹ�Өҡ��㹡��ɵ� ��ö��л�ء��2 �֧ 3 �� ҧ ��Դ �繷��Ⱦ�ͧ�ѡ��ͧ��йѡú ��÷�� ö��ѡ��Ⱦ��繾ѹ�� ҧ ʿԧ�� ѡ�Թ��ٻ�ԧ��ͺ��˹��繤� �� þ ��÷� ��ԷԹ �¡�˹��ջ�� 365 �ѹ ��繷��ѹ��Ҩ��֧�Ѩ�غѹ ��¹ �Ҿ�Եá��Ҽ�ѧ��ͧ��ǵ�ҧ��Ҽ�ѧ��ѧȾ ��¹�ѭ�ѡ�� ٻ�Ҿ᷹�Ӿٴ ��¡�� ѡ��á�տԡ ��÷ӡ�д�� ҡ�鹾�� 繵鹡��Դ˹��ࢵ��һ��ҳ�鹾ط�ȵ��ɷ�� 22 �� ҡ�� (Vasco da Gama) ��õ��Թ��λ��Ϳ�ԡҵ��ѹ�͡ ��йѺ��ҡ��Ǩ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ� ͧ��û�� Ъ��û��Է�ԾŢͧ��ִ��ͧ�Թᴹ��ҧ� ��ҳҹԤ��з�觶֧��ѧʧ�� š��駷�� 2 ��ǹ�˭�㹷�ջ�Ϳ�ԡҨ֧��Ѻ�͡�Ҫ��Ф�ͧ��ͧ��Ъҡ�

�ѡɳл�Ъҡâͧ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ� �մѧ��
1. ��ͪҵ� ��Ъҡ�㹷ջ�Ϳ�ԡҨ�ṡ�繡��˭�� 2 ��

�ǡ��Ǵ� ��Ҿѹ��ͧ��ͧ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ� ��¡�� 繻�Ъҡ��ǹ�˭�ͧ��ջ�� ѡɳ��蹷��մӼ��մ��ԡ�� ǡ��Ϳ�ԡ��¡��С��ѡɳ�ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ �� ҵ٫� ��ٻ��ҧ�٧�˭� ��һ�� Ҿѹ��·��ش �� ت�� ٻ��ҧ�� 繵�
�ǡ��Ǣ�� ǡ��Ǣ�Ƿ��Ҿѹ��ͧ��ջ�Ϳá��ǹ�˭��ҧ�͹�˹�ͧ͢��ջ��ǡ ��Ѻ�� ǹ�ǡ��Ǣ�ǡ��;¾仨ҡ��û��駶Թ�ҹ�ࢵͺ��蹷ҧ�͹��ͧ��ջ ��੾��㹻��Ҹ�ó�Ѱ�Ϳ�ԡ��ջ��ҳ 7 ��ҹ�� ͡�ҡ��ѧ�վǡ��Ǣ�Ǩҡ�ҡ�ʶҹ��Թ�� ;¾��ҧ�Ҥ��ѹ�͡�ͧ��ջ

2. �� 㹷�ջ�Ϳ�ԡ��Ҿٴ��¡�� 1000 �� 駹��ͧ�ҡ�繷��ջ�Ъҡ��Ҿѹ�� Ҩ��͡��繡��˭�� 4 ��͡��Եԡ��Ѻ��Ңͧ��ǹ�˭� ��Ϳ�ԡ��˹��кҧ��ǹ��Ϳ�ԡҵ��ѹ�͡ ��ǹ��Եԡ�ͧ��û��Ңͧ��ҳҹԤ� ��һ��ͧ ��ҷ��㢪�ѹ��ҹ�ҹ�� ҽ�� ѧ�� Ҵѵ��
��ҫٴҹ��Ңͧ��Ъҡ�㹻��ȵ�ҧ��觵��㹷��˭��ѹ�ҷҧ�͹��ͧ��ŷ��
��Һѹ�� Ңͧ��Ъҡ�㹻��ȵ�ҧ��觵��ҧ�Ҥ��ҧ��Ҥ��ѹ�͡�ͧ��ջ�� 駺ҧ�� ҧ�͹��ҫ� �繡��ҷҧ��ä�Ңͧ��Ъҡ÷ҧ�Ҥ��ѹ��ͧ��ջ

3. ��ʹ� ��Ъҡ��ǹ�˭�㹷�ջ�Ϳ�ԡҨ��դ��л�ԺѵԵ��׺��͡ѹ ��駺�þ�� ª��ؤ� ��ͧ�Ե�ԭ�ҳ �ӹҨ�ͧ�ǧ�� Ȩ��ǹ��ʹҷ��Ѻ��͡ѹ�ҡ��ʹ�� ռ��Ѻ��͡ѹ�ҡ��ش �ͧŧ��ʹҤ��ʵ� �͡�ҡ��ѧ�ժ��Թ��·��;¾��Ѻ��ʹ��Թ�� ʹ�� ռ��Ѻ��ҧ�Ѩ�غѹ��չѡ�͹��ʹҤ��ʵ��駽��⸴͡��ᵹ��ҧ��͹��Ϳ�ԡѹ
��੾��㹡ź��դ��Ẻ��ըӹǹ��ʤ��͹��ҡ��

4.��֡�� Ϳ�ԡ��繷�ջ��ҡ��д��¾Ѳ�ҷҧ��ҹ�Է�ҡ�� Ф��˹��š�Ѩ�غѹ ��ͧ��е��Ъҡ��Ѱ��Ţͧ��ȵ�ҧ��ͧ¡�дѺ��Т��¡��֡��Ƕ֧c��âҴ�Ź��Ѿ�ҡ�
��ѵ�ѵ�Ѵʹ�ҧ��ҹ��ɰ�Ԩ��ͺ�ء��ػ��ä�Ӥѭ㹡��Ѳ�ҡ��֡�� ҹ��ͻ��ȷ��ҡ��ѵ��ǹ��˹ѧ��ͧ͢��Ъҡèе�� ͸�� 繻��ȷ�� ҡ�� ҡ�ռ��ҹ�͡��¹��§�� 24,25 �� 28 ��ӴѺ ��з��Ҹ�ó�Ѱ�Ϳ�ԡ��᷹��«��Ҿ ��ɰ�Ԩ�ա��һ��ȷ�� 3 �� ѵ��ǹ�ͧ��˹ѧ��٧�֧�� 60��85�繵�

                 5. ��á�Ш�µ��Ф��˹�� ͧ ��Ъҡ�
                㹾.�.2538 ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡ��ջ�Ъҡû��ҳ 720 ��ҹ�� ͻ�зҳ�� 13 �ͧ��Ъҡ��š ��㹴Թᴹ��ͷ��ҳ�� 20 �ͧ�š�Թᴹ��ǹ��繷��ŷ��ŷ��«�� з��ŷ�� ᷺��ջ�Ъҡ�� ǹ�͹��ͧ��Ӥͧ⡫��ࢵ��ҴԺ��ջ�Ъҡ��Һҧ�ҡ
ࢵ��Ъҡ��˹��㹷�ջ�Ϳ�ԡ��ǳ��Ҿ�Ǵ��ҵ��դ��§�� մԹ�ش��ó� ��ҡ��͹�Ѵ�Թ��駺��ǳ��ͧ��ǧ��ͧ�˭�ͧ��ȵ�ҧ� ��ࢵ��ջ�Ъҡ� ��ҧ˹��
                1. ��½�觵��ѹ��§�˹��ࢵ��͡� ��Ũ�� еٹ��ࢵ��ѡɳ��ҡ��ͺ��Ẻ��¹��¤�֧�Ѻ�Ҥ��ͧ��ջ��û
                2. ��Һ�� 㹻��Ի��觷��չ��дԹ�ش��ó��л�١
                3. ��Һ�� Ъ�½��ǡԹ� ��ǳ��½�觢ͧ��ջ�Ϳ�ԡҹѺ��¶֧�ͧ��繺��ǳ��Ѻ�Է�ԾŨҡ��ҡ�Ȩ֧��͹�Ѵ��
�Թ��դ��§��շ��Һ��½��ǻ�Сͺ�Ѻ�շ��Һ��觷��մԹ�ش��ó��
��л�Сͺ�Ҫվ�ɵá��
                4.��Һ��Ҥ��ѹ�͡ ��ǳ��͸�� ١ѹ�� ह��᷹��ࢵ��ҡ��͹ �Ѵ��Թ��繺��ǳ��Һ�٧ �վת��ó��ҵ��繷��˭��§�ѵ��ҡ��ͺ��ʺ��
                5.�Һ��ط��Ҥ�� ࢵ��Ҹ�ó�Ѱ�Ϳ�ԡ�� ҡ��ͺ��շ�Ѿ�ҡø��ҵ��ش��ó��õ�駶�蹰ҹ�� л�Сͺ�Ҫվ

                       ��л�١

1. ࢵ��ͧ�� Ϳ�ԡҵ��ѹ�� Ӥͧ� ��Ъ�½��Ϳ�ԡҵ��ѹ�͡��ҡ��͹�� 觻�١�ת��ͧ��͹ �� ١�ҡ㹻�� ҹ� ��оת��Ӥѭ�� ͡ �ѹ �� ʧ �� ҧ��

2. ࢵ�� ת�Ӥѭ�� Է�� Т�ҧ��ҧ

3. ࢵ��¹ ��١�ת�� ͧ�� С͡ �� 繵�

4. ࢵͺ��蹪�� ҧ��ѹ�͡��§��ͧ��ջ ��١ �� ⾴ ��

��§�ѵ��
�ӡѹ��ҡ ��ͧ�ҡ�Ϳ�ԡ��繷�ջ��ࢵ��˭�ҷ��ҧ��ҧ ��§�ѵ��ʺ�ѭ�Һҧ��С�� ˭��ѹ��ҧ�˭�ҧ�͹��ͧ��ŷ��ա��§�ѵ��ѹ�ҡ�Թ� �繡�÷��·��˭��ҧ��֧��ó� ��ǹ�ࢵ��ͧ�ҧ�Ҥ��ҧ�ͧ��ջ ��ŧ૵�� (tsetse fly) ��繾��ä�˧��Ѻ ��ѵ��§��ҧ��ö��§�ѵ��

                           ��÷��ͧ��
        ��Ӥѭ��
        ྪ� ��Ҹ�ó�Ѱ�Ϳá�� л��͹��ҹ
        �ͧ�� 㹻��Ҹ�ó�Ѱ�Ϳ�ԡ�� Ѻ�� Сҹ��м�Ե�ͧ��ҡ��Ҥ��˹�觢ͧ�š
        ��ҹ�Թ ��ҡ㹻��Ҹ�ó�Ѱ�Ϳ�ԡ��
        �� ҡ㹷��Һ�٧�� Ѻ�� ͡�
        �ͧᴧ ��ҡ��鹤ҵѧ�� ȫ��

��ä��Ҥ��ҧ��
�͡�ҡ��ѵ�ѵ�Ҵ�Ź�ҧ��ɰ�Ԩ�� ջ�Ϳ�ԡ��ѧ�վ�鹷��ǹ�˭��ػ��ä�� ҧ�� зҧö��ա�� Ϳ�ԡ��繷�ջ��ն��ͷҧö ��Ǣ��ջ��͹��ջ��ǳ��鹷ҧ ��Ҥ��觷ҧ��ҧ ��ѡ��鹷ҧ�� ȵ�ҧ� ��½�觷ҧ��